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Battle of Pszczyna (Polish: ''Bitwa Pszczyńska'') refers to a series of battles between 1 and 4 September 1939 near the town of Pszczyna during the Invasion of Poland. The battle of Pszczyna formed part of the anti-Nazi battle of the border. The initial, decisive victory of the Polish forces on September 1, 1939 was followed by the crushing defeat on the next day near Ćwiklice, due to a major tactical error on the part of the Polish military command,〔Janusz Ryt 2007, pp. 73, 82, 93, 161.〕 resulting in premature withdrawal of the entire Armia Kraków from Upper Silesia.〔Michał Pudełko, ( Pierwsze dni września 1939 roku w Jankowicach i okolicy. ) Bibliography: ''16. Pułk Piechoty Ziemi Tarnowskiej.'' Historia – Tradycja – Pamięć”, ed. Juśko E., Tarnów 2007. Małecki, Marian, ''Z dziejów wojny obronnej'', Polski w 1939 r. Bitwa graniczna pod Pszczyną”, Warszawa-Kraków 2003. Ryt Janusz, ''Bitwa Pszczyńska 1939'', Pszczyna 2007.〕 The battle was fought along the defense belt wide and long,〔Janusz Ryt 2007, p. 11.〕 from the west extending to the Polish-German border, and from the east to the rivers Przemsza and Soła. The Rybnicki and Kobiorski forests constituted the north-side perimeter of the battlefield, and to the south, the Vistula river along with the right tributary of Odra, the Piotrówka river provided natural protection. The defensive line some 22 kilometers in length was built by Poland already in 192933, as part of the strategic plan for securing the national border around the Central Industrial Region.〔Janusz Ryt 2007, p. 18.〕 The fortifications erected at the cost of 300,000 zł, included concrete shelters manned by the Silesian 23rd Infantry Division. In 193637 two new bridges were built over the Vistula and the Chochułka rivers near Goczałkowice and Pszczyna for military transport, and the supply roads were paved with asphalt in late 1930s. Overall, the defense line seemed sufficient at the time to stop a successful panzer attack.〔Janusz Ryt 2007, p. 21.〕 The tactical mistake of the Polish command was the assumption that the attack of the German 5th Panzer Division would require the support of infantry to secure its rear. == Overview == The battle can be divided into four phases:〔Mateusz Olejnik, ( 16. Pułk Piechoty w bitwie pszczyńskiej 1-2 września 1939 r. ) Moje Miasto Tarnów.〕 * 1 September: successful Polish defense of the outer positions near the Brzeźce and Wisła Wielka villages. * 2 September, morning: Polish defense of the main positions near Pszczyna. * 2 September, afternoon: battles near Ćwiklice. * 3 September - 4 September: Polish successful separation and withdrawal, however they paid dearly (Polish withdrawal was successful mainly thanks to a diversionary counterattack on Ćwiklice made by two battalions from the 16th infantry regiment which gave time for other units to regroup and withdraw). During the second day of the battle Polish forces suffered a defeat and were forced to retreat. The main reason of their defeat (apart from huge German material and numerical superiority) was that the Polish commanders incorrectly predicted the direction of the main German attack on 2 September. As the result, the whole Polish plan of defense failed, because then it became impossible to activate a huge trap, which was prepared for German tanks, called the "big bag" trap, which was weak in front, but strong on its sides - with strong artillery assisting in attacking targets which entered the 'bag'. Also, overmuch certainty after great successes of the previous day (especially fierce, few hours-long combat - with use of the "big bag" trap - near Brzeźce village) contributed to Polish defeat. Because of their certainty, Polish commanders decided to make "the big bag trap" more shallow - which meant that it was less flexible, and Polish positions would be easier to crush if the defense was not successful (as it happened) - but on the other hand - if the defense was successful (which didn't happen since the unexpected direction and strength of the German main attack were deadly), the shallow "bag" would be more effective because the German attack would be stopped faster and with greater casualties for the enemy due to a greater concentration of firepower. The defeat suffered at Pszczyna (which also caused a loss of a significant percent of divisional artillery) forced the Polish High Command to pull back the entire frontline, and cede the territory of Upper Silesia to the Germans. ;German equipment losses and Polish equipment losses and casualties (list may be incomplete) ''Casualty list according to monograph about the battle titled ''Bitwa Pszczyńska 1939'' ("Battle of Pszczyna 1939") by Janusz Ryt''.〔 After the long and bloody combat at Ćwiklice on 2 September 1939, German war correspondent K. Frowein wrote after seeing one of the Polish infantrymen heavily wounded: 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Battle of Pszczyna」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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